In this part of the SQLite tutorial, we will cover SQLite built-in functions. There are three types of functions in SQLite database. Core, aggregate and date & time functions.
We will cover some functions from each group of SQLite functions.
Core functions
In this group we have various diverse functios. Some are numerical functions, some work with text. Others do some very specific things.
sqlite> SELECT sqlite_version() AS 'SQLite Version';
SQLite Version
--------------
3.7.15.1
The sqlite_version() function returns the version of the SQLite library.
sqlite> SELECT random() AS Random;
Random
-------------------
1056892254869386643
The random() function returns a pseudo-random integer between -9223372036854775808 and +9223372036854775807.
sqlite> SELECT abs(11), abs(-5), abs(0), abs(NULL);
abs(11) abs(-5) abs(0) abs(NULL)
------------------ ----------- ---------- ----------
11 5 0 NULL
The abs() function returns the absolute value of the numeric argument.
sqlite> SELECT max(Cost), min(Cost) FROM Cars;
max(Cost) min(Cost)
----------- -----------
350000 9000
In our example, the max() and min() functions return the most and the least expensive cars from the Cars table.
sqlite> .width 18
sqlite> SELECT upper(Name) AS 'Names in capitals' FROM Friends;
Names in capitals
------------------
JANE
THOMAS
FRANK
ELISABETH
MARY
LUCY
JACK
The upper() function converts characters into upper-case letters.
sqlite> SELECT lower(Name) AS 'Names in lowercase' FROM Friends
...> WHERE Id IN (1, 2, 3);
Names in lowercase
------------------
jane
thomas
frank
With the lower() function we change the names of first three rows into lower-case letters.
sqlite> SELECT length('ZetCode');
length('ZetCode')
------------------
7
The length() function returns the length of a string.
sqlite> SELECT total_changes() AS 'Total changes';
Total changes
-------------
3
The total_changes() function returns the number of row changes caused by INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statements since the current database connection was opened. In the current database connection, I have done three INSERT statements, so the total changes is equal to three.
sqlite> .width 5
sqlite> SELECT sqlite_compileoption_used('SQLITE_DEFAULT_FOREIGN_KEYS') AS 'FK';
FK
-----
0
The sqlite_compileoption_used() function returns a boolean value, depending on whether or not that option was used during the build. In our case we check if the FOREIGN KEY constraint is enforced by default. The function returns 0, which means that the constraint is not enforced by default. We use the PRAGMA statement to change it. (PRAGMA foreign_keys = 1;)
sqlite> SELECT typeof(12), typeof('ZetCode'), typeof(33.2), typeof(NULL),
...> typeof(x'345edb');
typeof(12) typeof('ZetCode') typeof(33.2) typeof(NULL) typeof(x'345edb')
------------ ------------------ ------------ ------------ -----------------
integer text real null blob
The typeof() function returns the data type of the argument.
Aggregate funcions
With aggregate functions, we get some statistical data.
Let's recap, what we have in the Cars table.
sqlite> SELECT * FROM Cars;
Id Name Cost
---------- ---------- ----------
1 Audi 52642
2 Mercedes 57127
3 Skoda 9000
4 Volvo 29000
5 Bentley 350000
6 Citroen 21000
7 Hummer 41400
8 Volkswagen 21600
Notice, that there are no duplicate records.
sqlite> SELECT count(*) AS '# of cars' FROM Cars;
# of cars
----------
8
The count() function returns the number of rows in the table. In our table, we have eight cars. Assuming, there are no duplicates.
In the Orders table, we have duplicate records of customers.
sqlite> SELECT * FROM Orders;
Id OrderPrice Customer
---------- ---------- ----------
1 1200 Williamson
2 200 Robertson
3 40 Robertson
4 1640 Smith
5 100 Robertson
6 50 Williamson
7 150 Smith
8 250 Smith
9 840 Brown
10 440 Black
11 20 Brown
Logically, each customer can make multiple orders. How do we count the number of orders and how do we count the number of customers?
sqlite> SELECT count(Customer) AS '# of orders' FROM Orders;
# of orders
-----------
11
This SQL statement returns the number of orders. To calculate the number of unique customers, we have to utilize the DISTINCT clause.
sqlite> SELECT count(DISTINCT Customer) AS '# of customers' FROM Orders;
# of customers
--------------
5
We have 5 customers in our Orders table. They made 11 orders.
Next we are going to demonstrate the difference between the count(*) and count(ColumnName). These function usages differ in the way, how they handle NULL values.
sqlite> .nullvalue NULL
First, we change how sqlite3 shows NULL values. By default, the NULL value is shown as empty string.
sqlite> CREATE TABLE Testing(Id INTEGER);
sqlite> INSERT INTO Testing VALUES(1);
sqlite> INSERT INTO Testing VALUES(2);
sqlite> INSERT INTO Testing VALUES(3);
sqlite> INSERT INTO Testing VALUES(NULL);
sqlite> INSERT INTO Testing VALUES(NULL);
sqlite> SELECT * FROM Testing;
Id
------------
1
2
3
NULL
NULL
Here we create table Testing with 3 numerical and 2 NULL values.
sqlite> SELECT count(*) AS '# of rows' FROM Testing;
# of rows
----------
5
The count(*) returns the number of rows in the table. It takes NULL values into account.
sqlite> SELECT count(Id) AS '# of non NULL values' FROM Testing;
# of non NULL values
--------------------
3
The count(Id) counts only non NULL values.
sqlite> SELECT avg(Cost) AS 'Average price' FROM Cars;
Average price
------------------
72721.125
The avg() function returns the average value of all non NULL records. In our example, we show the average price of the car in the Cars table.
Finally, we mention the sum() function. It does a summation of all non NULL values.
sqlite> SELECT sum(OrderPrice) AS Sum FROM Orders;
Sum
--------
4930
Here we count the sum of all orders made by our customers.
Date and time funcions
SQLite has functions for working with date and time. With these functions we can use various time strings, modifiers and formats.
sqlite> .header OFF
sqlite> SELECT date('now');
2013-01-09
The date() function with the now string returns the current date.
sqlite> SELECT datetime('now');
2013-01-09 13:01:0
The datetime() function returns the current date and time.
sqlite> SELECT time('now');
13:23:21
The time() function gives the current time.
sqlite> SELECT time(), time('now');
13:50:12 13:50:12
sqlite> SELECT date('now'), date();
2013-01-09 2013-01-09
The now string can be omitted.
The first parameter of the date(), time() and datetime() functions is the time string. It can be followed by one or more modifiers.
sqlite> SELECT date('now', '2 months');
2013-03-09
In this example, '2 months' is a modifier. It adds two months to the current date. So the function returns the date two months from today.
sqlite> SELECT date('now', '-55 days');
2012-11-15
Negative modifiers can be also used. In this example, we extract 55 days from today.
sqlite> SELECT date('now', 'start of year');
2013-01-01
Using the start of year modifier, we get the date of the start of the year, e.g. the January 1st.
sqlite> SELECT datetime('now', 'start of day');
2013-01-09 00:00:00
With the help of the start of day modifier, we get the beginning of the current day.
sqlite> SELECT date('now', 'weekday 6');
2013-01-12
The weekday modifier advances to the next date, where Sunday is 0, Monday 1, ..., Saturday 6. In this example, we get the date of the nearest Saturday.
The modifiers can be combined.
sqlite> SELECT date('now', 'start of year', '10 months', 'weekday 4');
2013-11-07
This SQL statement returns the first Thursday of the November for the current year. In this example, we used three modifiers. start of year, +x months and weekday x. The now time string gives the current date. The start of year shifts the date backwards to the beginning of the year. The10 months adds 10 months to the current month (January). Finally, the weekday 4 modifier advances the date forward to the first Thursday.
The strftime() function returns the date and time formatted according to the format string specified as the first argument. The second parameter is the time string. It can be followed by one or more modifiers.
sqlite> SELECT strftime('%d-%m-%Y');
09-01-2013
We can use the the strftime() function to return a date in a different format.
sqlite> SELECT 'Current day: ' || strftime('%d');
Current day: 09
This SQL statement returns the current day of the month. We used the strftime() function.
sqlite> SELECT 'Days to XMas: ' || (strftime('%j', '2013-12-24') -
...> strftime('%j', 'now'));
Days to XMas: 349
Here we have computed the number of days till Christmas. The %j modifier gives the day of the year for the time string.
In this part of the SQLite tutorial, we worked with the built-in SQLite functions.
